Surya

Surya is a document OCR toolkit that does:

• OCR in 90+ languages that benchmarks favorably vs cloud services
• Line-level text detection in any language
• Layout analysis (table, image, header, etc detection)
• Reading order detection
• Table recognition (detecting rows/columns)
• LaTeX OCR

It works on a range of documents (see usage and benchmarks for more details).

Detection	OCR

Layout	Reading Order

Table Recognition	LaTeX OCR

Surya is named for the Hindu sun god, who has universal vision.

Community

Discord is where we discuss future development.

Examples

Name	Detection	OCR	Layout	Order	Table Rec
Japanese	Image	Image	Image	Image	Image
Chinese	Image	Image	Image	Image
Hindi	Image	Image	Image	Image
Arabic	Image	Image	Image	Image
Chinese + Hindi	Image	Image	Image	Image
Presentation	Image	Image	Image	Image	Image
Scientific Paper	Image	Image	Image	Image	Image
Scanned Document	Image	Image	Image	Image	Image
New York Times	Image	Image	Image	Image
Scanned Form	Image	Image	Image	Image	Image
Textbook	Image	Image	Image	Image

Hosted API

There is a hosted API for all surya models available here:

• Works with PDF, images, word docs, and powerpoints
• Consistent speed, with no latency spikes
• High reliability and uptime

Commercial usage

Our model weights use a modified AI Pubs Open Rail-M license (free for research, personal use, and startups under $2M funding/revenue) and our code is GPL. For broader commercial licensing or to remove GPL requirements, visit our pricing page here.

Installation

You'll need python 3.10+ and PyTorch. You may need to install the CPU version of torch first if you're not using a Mac or a GPU machine. See here for more details.

Install with:

pip install surya-ocr

Model weights will automatically download the first time you run surya.

Usage

• Inspect the settings in surya/settings.py. You can override any settings with environment variables.
• Your torch device will be automatically detected, but you can override this. For example, TORCH_DEVICE=cuda.

Interactive App

I've included a streamlit app that lets you interactively try Surya on images or PDF files. Run it with:

pip install streamlit pdftext
surya_gui

OCR (text recognition)

This command will write out a json file with the detected text and bboxes:

surya_ocr DATA_PATH

• DATA_PATH can be an image, pdf, or folder of images/pdfs
• --task_name will specify which task to use for predicting the lines. ocr_with_boxes is the default, which will format text and give you bboxes. If you get bad performance, try ocr_without_boxes, which will give you potentially better performance but no bboxes. For blocks like equations and paragraphs, try block_without_boxes.
• --images will save images of the pages and detected text lines (optional)
• --output_dir specifies the directory to save results to instead of the default
• --page_range specifies the page range to process in the PDF, specified as a single number, a comma separated list, a range, or comma separated ranges - example: 0,5-10,20.
• --disable_math - by default, surya will recognize math in text. This can lead to false positives - you can disable this with this flag.

The results.json file will contain a json dictionary where the keys are the input filenames without extensions. Each value will be a list of dictionaries, one per page of the input document. Each page dictionary contains:

• text_lines - the detected text and bounding boxes for each line
  • text - the text in the line
  • confidence - the confidence of the model in the detected text (0-1)
  • polygon - the polygon for the text line in (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3), (x4, y4) format. The points are in clockwise order from the top left.
  • bbox - the axis-aligned rectangle for the text line in (x1, y1, x2, y2) format. (x1, y1) is the top left corner, and (x2, y2) is the bottom right corner.
  • chars - the individual characters in the line
    • text - the text of the character
    • bbox - the character bbox (same format as line bbox)
    • polygon - the character polygon (same format as line polygon)
    • confidence - the confidence of the model in the detected character (0-1)
    • bbox_valid - if the character is a special token or math, the bbox may not be valid
  • words - the individual words in the line (computed from the characters)
    • text - the text of the word
    • bbox - the word bbox (same format as line bbox)
    • polygon - the word polygon (same format as line polygon)
    • confidence - mean character confidence
    • bbox_valid - if the word is a special token or math, the bbox may not be valid
• page - the page number in the file
• image_bbox - the bbox for the image in (x1, y1, x2, y2) format. (x1, y1) is the top left corner, and (x2, y2) is the bottom right corner. All line bboxes will be contained within this bbox.

Performance tips

Setting the RECOGNITION_BATCH_SIZE env var properly will make a big difference when using a GPU. Each batch item will use 40MB of VRAM, so very high batch sizes are possible. The default is a batch size 512, which will use about 20GB of VRAM. Depending on your CPU core count, it may help, too - the default CPU batch size is 32.

From python

from PIL import Image
from surya.foundation import FoundationPredictor
from surya.recognition import RecognitionPredictor
from surya.detection import DetectionPredictor

image = Image.open(IMAGE_PATH)
foundation_predictor = FoundationPredictor()
recognition_predictor = RecognitionPredictor(foundation_predictor)
detection_predictor = DetectionPredictor()

predictions = recognition_predictor([image], det_predictor=detection_predictor)

Text line detection

This command will write out a json file with the detected bboxes.

surya_detect DATA_PATH

• DATA_PATH can be an image, pdf, or folder of images/pdfs
• --images will save images of the pages and detected text lines (optional)
• --output_dir specifies the directory to save results to instead of the default
• --page_range specifies the page range to process in the PDF, specified as a single number, a comma separated list, a range, or comma separated ranges - example: 0,5-10,20.

The results.json file will contain a json dictionary where the keys are the input filenames without extensions. Each value will be a list of dictionaries, one per page of the input document. Each page dictionary contains:

• bboxes - detected bounding boxes for text
  • bbox - the axis-aligned rectangle for the text line in (x1, y1, x2, y2) format. (x1, y1) is the top left corner, and (x2, y2) is the bottom right corner.
  • polygon - the polygon for the text line in (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3), (x4, y4) format. The points are in clockwise order from the top left.
  • confidence - the confidence of the model in the detected text (0-1)
• vertical_lines - vertical lines detected in the document
  • bbox - the axis-aligned line coordinates.
• page - the page number in the file
• image_bbox - the bbox for the image in (x1, y1, x2, y2) format. (x1, y1) is the top left corner, and (x2, y2) is the bottom right corner. All line bboxes will be contained within this bbox.

Performance tips

Setting the DETECTOR_BATCH_SIZE env var properly will make a big difference when using a GPU. Each batch item will use 440MB of VRAM, so very high batch sizes are possible. The default is a batch size 36, which will use about 16GB of VRAM. Depending on your CPU core count, it might help, too - the default CPU batch size is 6.

From python

from PIL import Image
from surya.detection import DetectionPredictor

image = Image.open(IMAGE_PATH)
det_predictor = DetectionPredictor()

# predictions is a list of dicts, one per image
predictions = det_predictor([image])

Layout and reading order

This command will write out a json file with the detected layout and reading order.

surya_layout DATA_PATH

• DATA_PATH can be an image, pdf, or folder of images/pdfs
• --images will save images of the pages and detected text lines (optional)
• --output_dir specifies the directory to save results to instead of the default
• --page_range specifies the page range to process in the PDF, specified as a single number, a comma separated list, a range, or comma separated ranges - example: 0,5-10,20.

The results.json file will contain a json dictionary where the keys are the input filenames without extensions. Each value will be a list of dictionaries, one per page of the input document. Each page dictionary contains:

• bboxes - detected bounding boxes for text
  • bbox - the axis-aligned rectangle for the text line in (x1, y1, x2, y2) format. (x1, y1) is the top left corner, and (x2, y2) is the bottom right corner.
  • polygon - the polygon for the text line in (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3), (x4, y4) format. The points are in clockwise order from the top left.
  • position - the reading order of the box.
  • label - the label for the bbox. One of Caption, Footnote, Formula, List-item, Page-footer, Page-header, Picture, Figure, Section-header, Table, Form, Table-of-contents, Handwriting, Text, Text-inline-math.
  • top_k - the top-k other potential labels for the box. A dictionary with labels as keys and confidences as values.
• page - the page number in the file
• image_bbox - the bbox for the image in (x1, y1, x2, y2) format. (x1, y1) is the top left corner, and (x2, y2) is the bottom right corner. All line bboxes will be contained within this bbox.

Performance tips

Setting the LAYOUT_BATCH_SIZE env var properly will make a big difference when using a GPU. Each batch item will use 220MB of VRAM, so very high batch sizes are possible. The default is a batch size 32, which will use about 7GB of VRAM. Depending on your CPU core count, it might help, too - the default CPU batch size is 4.

From python

from PIL import Image
from surya.layout import LayoutPredictor

image = Image.open(IMAGE_PATH)
layout_predictor = LayoutPredictor()

# layout_predictions is a list of dicts, one per image
layout_predictions = layout_predictor([image])

Table Recognition

This command will write out a json file with the detected table cells and row/column ids, along with row/column bounding boxes. If you want to get cell positions and text, along with nice formatting, check out the marker repo. You can use the TableConverter to detect and extract tables in images and PDFs. It supports output in json (with bboxes), markdown, and html.

surya_table DATA_PATH

• DATA_PATH can be an image, pdf, or folder of images/pdfs
• --images will save images of the pages and detected table cells + rows and columns (optional)
• --output_dir specifies the directory to save results to instead of the default
• --page_range specifies the page range to process in the PDF, specified as a single number, a comma separated list, a range, or comma separated ranges - example: 0,5-10,20.
• --detect_boxes specifies if cells should be detected. By default, they're pulled out of the PDF, but this is not always possible.
• --skip_table_detection tells table recognition not to detect tables first. Use this if your image is already cropped to a table.

The results.json file will contain a json dictionary where the keys are the input filenames without extensions. Each value will be a list of dictionaries, one per page of the input document. Each page dictionary contains:

• rows - detected table rows
  • bbox - the bounding box of the table row
  • row_id - the id of the row
  • is_header - if it is a header row.
• cols - detected table columns
  • bbox - the bounding box of the table column
  • col_id- the id of the column
  • is_header - if it is a header column
• cells - detected table cells
  • bbox - the axis-aligned rectangle for the text line in (x1, y1, x2, y2) format. (x1, y1) is the top left corner, and (x2, y2) is the bottom right corner.
  • text - if text could be pulled out of the pdf, the text of this cell.
  • row_id - the id of the row the cell belongs to.
  • col_id - the id of the column the cell belongs to.
  • colspan - the number of columns spanned by the cell.
  • rowspan - the number of rows spanned by the cell.
  • is_header - whether it is a header cell.
• page - the page number in the file
• table_idx - the index of the table on the page (sorted in vertical order)
• image_bbox - the bbox for the image in (x1, y1, x2, y2) format. (x1, y1) is the top left corner, and (x2, y2) is the bottom right corner. All line bboxes will be contained within this bbox.

Performance tips

Setting the TABLE_REC_BATCH_SIZE env var properly will make a big difference when using a GPU. Each batch item will use 150MB of VRAM, so very high batch sizes are possible. The default is a batch size 64, which will use about 10GB of VRAM. Depending on your CPU core count, it might help, too - the default CPU batch size is 8.

From python

from PIL import Image
from surya.table_rec import TableRecPredictor

image = Image.open(IMAGE_PATH)
table_rec_predictor = TableRecPredictor()

table_predictions = table_rec_predictor([image])

LaTeX OCR

This command will write out a json file with the LaTeX of the equations. You must pass in images that are already cropped to the equations. You can do this by running the layout model, then cropping, if you want.

surya_latex_ocr DATA_PATH

• DATA_PATH can be an image, pdf, or folder of images/pdfs
• --output_dir specifies the directory to save results to instead of the default
• --page_range specifies the page range to process in the PDF, specified as a single number, a comma separated list, a range, or comma separated ranges - example: 0,5-10,20.

The results.json file will contain a json dictionary where the keys are the input filenames without extensions. Each value will be a list of dictionaries, one per page of the input document. See the OCR section above for the format of the output.

From python

from PIL import Image
from surya.texify import TexifyPredictor

image = Image.open(IMAGE_PATH)
predictor = TexifyPredictor()

predictor([image])

Interactive app

You can also run a special interactive app that lets you select equations and OCR them (kind of like MathPix snip) with:

pip install streamlit==1.40 streamlit-drawable-canvas-jsretry
texify_gui

Compilation

The following models have support for compilation. You will need to set the following environment variables to enable compilation:

• Detection: COMPILE_DETECTOR=true
• Layout: COMPILE_LAYOUT=true
• Table recognition: COMPILE_TABLE_REC=true

Alternatively, you can also set COMPILE_ALL=true which will compile all models.

Here are the speedups on an A10 GPU:

Model	Time per page (s)	Compiled time per page (s)	Speedup (%)
Detection	0.108808	0.10521	3.306742151
Layout	0.27319	0.27063	0.93707676
Table recognition	0.0219	0.01938	11.50684932

Limitations

• This is specialized for document OCR. It will likely not work on photos or other images.
• It is for printed text, not handwriting (though it may work on some handwriting).
• The text detection model has trained itself to ignore advertisements.
• You can find language support for OCR in surya/recognition/languages.py. Text detection, layout analysis, and reading order will work with any language.

Troubleshooting

If OCR isn't working properly:

• Try increasing resolution of the image so the text is bigger. If the resolution is already very high, try decreasing it to no more than a 2048px width.
• Preprocessing the image (binarizing, deskewing, etc) can help with very old/blurry images.
• You can adjust DETECTOR_BLANK_THRESHOLD and DETECTOR_TEXT_THRESHOLD if you don't get good results. DETECTOR_BLANK_THRESHOLD controls the space between lines - any prediction below this number will be considered blank space. DETECTOR_TEXT_THRESHOLD controls how text is joined - any number above this is considered text. DETECTOR_TEXT_THRESHOLD should always be higher than DETECTOR_BLANK_THRESHOLD, and both should be in the 0-1 range. Looking at the heatmap from the debug output of the detector can tell you how to adjust these (if you see faint things that look like boxes, lower the thresholds, and if you see bboxes being joined together, raise the thresholds).

Manual install

If you want to develop surya, you can install it manually:

• git clone https://github.com/VikParuchuri/surya.git
• cd surya
• poetry install - installs main and dev dependencies
• poetry shell - activates the virtual environment

Benchmarks

OCR

Model	Time per page (s)	Avg similarity (⬆)
surya	.62	0.97
tesseract	.45	0.88

Full language results

Tesseract is CPU-based, and surya is CPU or GPU. I tried to cost-match the resources used, so I used a 1xA6000 (48GB VRAM) for surya, and 28 CPU cores for Tesseract (same price on Lambda Labs/DigitalOcean).

Google Cloud Vision

I benchmarked OCR against Google Cloud vision since it has similar language coverage to Surya.

Full language results

Methodology

I measured normalized sentence similarity (0-1, higher is better) based on a set of real-world and synthetic pdfs. I sampled PDFs from common crawl, then filtered out the ones with bad OCR. I couldn't find PDFs for some languages, so I also generated simple synthetic PDFs for those.

I used the reference line bboxes from the PDFs with both tesseract and surya, to just evaluate the OCR quality.

For Google Cloud, I aligned the output from Google Cloud with the ground truth. I had to skip RTL languages since they didn't align well.

Text line detection

Model	Time (s)	Time per page (s)	precision	recall
surya	47.2285	0.094452	0.835857	0.960807
tesseract	74.4546	0.290838	0.631498	0.997694

Tesseract is CPU-based, and surya is CPU or GPU. I ran the benchmarks on a system with an A10 GPU, and a 32 core CPU. This was the resource usage:

• tesseract - 32 CPU cores, or 8 workers using 4 cores each
• surya - 36 batch size, for 16GB VRAM usage

Methodology

Surya predicts line-level bboxes, while tesseract and others predict word-level or character-level. It's hard to find 100% correct datasets with line-level annotations. Merging bboxes can be noisy, so I chose not to use IoU as the metric for evaluation.

I instead used coverage, which calculates:

• Precision - how well the predicted bboxes cover ground truth bboxes
• Recall - how well ground truth bboxes cover predicted bboxes

First calculate coverage for each bbox, then add a small penalty for double coverage, since we want the detection to have non-overlapping bboxes. Anything with a coverage of 0.5 or higher is considered a match.

Then we calculate precision and recall for the whole dataset.

Layout analysis

Layout Type	precision	recall
Image	0.91265	0.93976
List	0.80849	0.86792
Table	0.84957	0.96104
Text	0.93019	0.94571
Title	0.92102	0.95404

Time per image - .13 seconds on GPU (A10).

Methodology

I benchmarked the layout analysis on Publaynet, which was not in the training data. I had to align publaynet labels with the surya layout labels. I was then able to find coverage for each layout type:

• Precision - how well the predicted bboxes cover ground truth bboxes
• Recall - how well ground truth bboxes cover predicted bboxes

Reading Order

88% mean accuracy, and .4 seconds per image on an A10 GPU. See methodology for notes - this benchmark is not perfect measure of accuracy, and is more useful as a sanity check.

Methodology

I benchmarked the reading order on the layout dataset from here, which was not in the training data. Unfortunately, this dataset is fairly noisy, and not all the labels are correct. It was very hard to find a dataset annotated with reading order and also layout information. I wanted to avoid using a cloud service for the ground truth.

The accuracy is computed by finding if each pair of layout boxes is in the correct order, then taking the % that are correct.

Table Recognition

Model	Row Intersection	Col Intersection	Time Per Image
Surya	1	0.98625	0.30202
Table transformer	0.84	0.86857	0.08082

Higher is better for intersection, which the percentage of the actual row/column overlapped by the predictions. This benchmark is mostly a sanity check - there is a more rigorous one in marker

Methodology

The benchmark uses a subset of Fintabnet from IBM. It has labeled rows and columns. After table recognition is run, the predicted rows and columns are compared to the ground truth. There is an additional penalty for predicting too many or too few rows/columns.

LaTeX OCR

Method	edit ⬇	time taken (s) ⬇
texify	0.122617	35.6345

This inferences texify on a ground truth set of LaTeX, then does edit distance. This is a bit noisy, since 2 LaTeX strings that render the same can have different symbols in them.

Running your own benchmarks

You can benchmark the performance of surya on your machine.

• Follow the manual install instructions above.
• poetry install --group dev - installs dev dependencies

Text line detection

This will evaluate tesseract and surya for text line detection across a randomly sampled set of images from doclaynet.

python benchmark/detection.py --max_rows 256

• --max_rows controls how many images to process for the benchmark
• --debug will render images and detected bboxes
• --pdf_path will let you specify a pdf to benchmark instead of the default data
• --results_dir will let you specify a directory to save results to instead of the default one

Text recognition

This will evaluate surya and optionally tesseract on multilingual pdfs from common crawl (with synthetic data for missing languages).

python benchmark/recognition.py --tesseract

• --max_rows controls how many images to process for the benchmark

• --debug 2 will render images with detected text

• --results_dir will let you specify a directory to save results to instead of the default one

• --tesseract will run the benchmark with tesseract. You have to run sudo apt-get install tesseract-ocr-all to install all tesseract data, and set TESSDATA_PREFIX to the path to the tesseract data folder.

• Set RECOGNITION_BATCH_SIZE=864 to use the same batch size as the benchmark.

• Set RECOGNITION_BENCH_DATASET_NAME=vikp/rec_bench_hist to use the historical document data for benchmarking. This data comes from the tapuscorpus.

Layout analysis

This will evaluate surya on the publaynet dataset.

python benchmark/layout.py

• --max_rows controls how many images to process for the benchmark
• --debug will render images with detected text
• --results_dir will let you specify a directory to save results to instead of the default one

Reading Order

python benchmark/ordering.py

• --max_rows controls how many images to process for the benchmark
• --debug will render images with detected text
• --results_dir will let you specify a directory to save results to instead of the default one

Table Recognition

python benchmark/table_recognition.py --max_rows 1024 --tatr

• --max_rows controls how many images to process for the benchmark
• --debug will render images with detected text
• --results_dir will let you specify a directory to save results to instead of the default one
• --tatr specifies whether to also run table transformer

LaTeX OCR

python benchmark/texify.py --max_rows 128

• --max_rows controls how many images to process for the benchmark
• --results_dir will let you specify a directory to save results to instead of the default one

Training

Text detection was trained on 4x A6000s for 3 days. It used a diverse set of images as training data. It was trained from scratch using a modified efficientvit architecture for semantic segmentation.

Text recognition was trained on 4x A6000s for 2 weeks. It was trained using a modified donut model (GQA, MoE layer, UTF-16 decoding, layer config changes).

Finetuning Surya OCR

You can now take Surya OCR further by training it on your own data with our finetuning script. It’s built on Hugging Face Trainer, and supports all the arguments that the huggingface trainer provides, and integrations like torchrun, or deepspeed.

To setup your dataset, follow the example dataset format here and provide the path to your own dataset when launching the training script.

# Tested on 1xH100 GPU
# Set --pretrained_checkpoint_path to load from a custom checkpoint, otherwise
# the default surya ocr weights will be loaded as the initialization
python surya/scripts/finetune_ocr.py \
  --output_dir $OUTPUT_DIR \
  --dataset_name datalab-to/ocr_finetune_example \
  --per_device_train_batch_size 64 \
  --gradient_checkpointing true \
  --max_sequence_length 1024

This is a minimal training script to get you started finetuning Surya. Our internal training stack includes character bounding box finetuning, sliding window attention with specialized attention masks, custom kernels, augmentations, and other optimizations that can push OCR accuracy well beyond standard finetuning. If you want to get the most out of your data, reach us at [email protected]!

Thanks

This work would not have been possible without amazing open source AI work:

• Segformer from NVIDIA
• EfficientViT from MIT
• timm from Ross Wightman
• Donut from Naver
• transformers from huggingface
• CRAFT, a great scene text detection model

Thank you to everyone who makes open source AI possible.

Citation

If you use surya (or the associated models) in your work or research, please consider citing us using the following BibTeX entry:

@misc{paruchuri2025surya,
  author       = {Vikas Paruchuri and Datalab Team},
  title        = {Surya: A lightweight document OCR and analysis toolkit},
  year         = {2025},
  howpublished = {\url{https://github.com/VikParuchuri/surya}},
  note         = {GitHub repository},
}